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Sunday, March 7, 2010

COTTON INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN

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IHSAN PAKISTAN - The leading cotton industries of Pakistan -

Pakistan. Group of vertically integrated textile manufacturing companies. Collections of open-end and ring spun, multiple twisted greige yarns for knitting ...
www.ihsanpakistan.com


Pakistan Raw Cotton.. 1503, 1505, 1467, Afzal, and Alak... SINDH AGRO INDUSTRIES. country flag Pakistan. Gold Supplier [Verified Member] ...
www.alibaba.com › Products

FABRIC IDENTIFICATION

Burn Test - CAUTION. WARNING. BE CAREFUL! This should only be done by skilled burners! Make sure there is a bucket of water nearby and that you burn in a metal bucket or non-plastic sink.

To identify fabric that is unknown, a simple burn test can be done to determine if the fabric is a natural fiber, man made fiber, or a blend of natural and man made fibers. The burn test is used by many fabric stores and designers and takes practice to determine the exact fiber content. However, an inexperienced person can still determine the difference between many fibers to "narrow" the choices down to natural or man made fibers. This elimination process will give information necessary to decide the care of the fabric.

WARNING: All fibers will burn! Asbestos treated fibers are, for the most part fire proof. The burning test should be done with caution. Use a small piece of fabric only. Hold the fabric with tweezers, not your fingers. Burn over a metal dish with soda in the bottom or even water in the bottom of the dish. Some fabrics will ignite and melt. The result is burning drips which can adhere to fabric or skin and cause a serious burn.

Cotton is a plant fiber. When ignited it burns with a steady flame and smells like burning leaves. The ash left is easily crumbled. Small samples of burning cotton can be blown out as you would a candle.

Linen is also a plant fiber but different from cotton in that the individual plant fibers which make up the yarn are long where cotton fibers are short. Linen takes longer to ignite. The fabric closest to the ash is very brittle. Linen is easily extinguished by blowing on it as you would a candle.

Silk is a protein fiber and usually burns readily, not necessarily with a steady flame, and smells like burning hair. The ash is easily crumbled. Silk samples are not as easily extinguished as cotton or linen.

Wool is also a protein fiber but is harder to ignite than silk as the individual "hair" fibers are shorter than silk and the weave of the fabrics is generally looser than with silk. The flame is steady but more difficult to keep burning. The smell of burning wool is like burning hair.

Man Made Fibers

Acetate is made from cellulose (wood fibers), technically cellulose acetate. Acetate burns readily with a flickering flame that cannot be easily extinguished. The burning cellulose drips and leaves a hard ash. The smell is similar to burning wood chips.

Acrylic technically acrylonitrile is made from natural gas and petroleum. Acrylics burn readily due to the fiber content and the lofty, air filled pockets. A match or cigarette dropped on an acrylic blanket can ignite the fabric which will burn rapidly unless extinguished. The ash is hard. The smell is acrid or harsh.

Nylon is a polyamide made from petroleum. Nylon melts and then burns rapidly if the flame remains on the melted fiber. If you can keep the flame on the melting nylon, it smells like burning plastic.

Polyester is a polymer produced from coal, air, water, and petroleum products. Polyester melts and burns at the same time, the melting, burning ash can bond quickly to any surface it drips on including skin. The smoke from polyester is black with a sweetish smell. The extinguished ash is hard.

Rayon is a regenerated cellulose fiber which is almost pure cellulose. Rayon burns rapidly and leaves only a slight ash. The burning smell is close to burning leaves.

Blends consist of two or more fibers and, ideally, are supposed to take on the characteristics of each fiber in the blend. The burning test can be used but the fabric content will be an assumption.

COTTON FIBRE

Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World. The fibre is most often spun into thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. Cotton Fabric is noted for its versatility and its natural comfort. Cotton cloth has been used since primitive ages dating back to about 3000 B.C. Today, the main uses of cotton is in the form of garments, home furnishings, and industrial cloths.

Cloth made of cotton is more comfortable, durable and suitable to resist all kinds of weather. The comfort quality of the cotton is due to its twisted or coiled shape. It traps air within the fabric structure and help for a thermal insulation process, resulting protection from heat in summer and cold in winter.

For the fabrics strength, absorbency quality, capacity to be washed and dyed, cotton has become the principal clothing fabric of the world. It is obtained from a bushy plant scientifically known as Gossypium. The fruit (boll) part of the plant is used to make cotton fabric. There are four main types of cotton namely American Upland, Egyptian, Sea Island and Asiatic.

Cotton FabricIn the world production of cotton, China is the leading followed by United States, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Turkey and Greece. Today, production of cotton is one of the major factors in world prosperity and economic stability.

Process of creating the Cotton Fabric

Cotton fiber undergoes several process to reach the stage of final cloth. The processes are as mentioned below:

Ginning
Ginning is the method of separating the cotton fibers from the seedpods, and sometimes with the sticky seeds. This is done in the cotton field with the help of machines.

Spinning
Spinning is the succeeding step to ginning. This process involves the making of yarn from the cotton fiber. The cotton yarns are made of different thickness in this stage.

Weaving
Weaving is the most important process in the making of cotton cloth. In this process, two yarn is placed to make warp and weft of a loom which successively turn them into a cloth.

Fabric finishes and treatments
After weaving the cotton fabric passes through different processing stages till it reaches to the state of final product. The stages are mentioned below, but it is not necessary for the fabric to undergo all the process for e.g. grain bags cloth are used unbleached.
  • Singeing - This process burns off the fibers sticking in the goods.
  • Desizing - This process involves removing the size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics.
  • Scouring - The cleaning part of the fabrics are involved in this process.
  • Bleaching - The fabrics are bleached here to make it more whiter and lighter.
  • Mercerizing - In this process, the fabric is immersed in alkali to make it more strong, shining, durable, shrink free and stretch free.
  • Dyeing - This process involves the changing of the fabric color by the treatment with a dye.
  • Finishing - In this process, the fabric is treated with some chemicals or other useful agents to make it qualitatively more better, for e.g. cotton is made sun protected by treating it with UV protecting agent.
Characteristics of Cotton Fabric
  • It is soft and comfortable.
  • It has good strength.
  • It is easy to handle and sew.
  • It drapes well.
  • It is flame retardant.
  • It is machine-washable and dry-cleanable.
  • It is hydrophilic, which means that cotton have excellent absorbing capabilities. Garments made of cotton absorb perspiration, thus keeping one more comfortable.
  • Cotton wrinkles easily. To resist this, cotton is being blended with many other natural or synthetic fibers.
  • The blending of cotton also gives a bouncy and elasticity property to the cotton.
  • 100% untreated cotton fabric has pleasant matte luster.
  • It is hypoallergenic, which means it has a low tendency to cause allergic reactions.
Uses of Cotton Fabric
  • Cotton Apparel / Garments - Garments made of cotton are very soft, comfortable and weather friendly. They are either 100% or blended with some natural or synthetic fibers. Normally all types of garments are made of cotton fabrics; formal, casual and even industrial clothing.
  • Cotton Home Furnishing - Cotton home furnishing is preferred because of the fabrics strength and durability characteristics. A good example of cotton home furnishing is rugs or durries, draperies and curtains, bedding products, etc.
  • Cotton Handbags and Luggages - Due to strength, cotton handbags and luggages are more widely preferred. The heavier cotton fabric is used in these kind of products.
  • Cotton Canvas - Medium to heavyweight cotton fabric is used in range of canvas products like shoes
    , tents, tarpaulins, etc.
    Apart from these, cotton fabrics are also used in medical and surgical products, bookbinding cloths and tobacco cloths.

ABOUT COTTON?


History:

Cotton’s exact age is unknown. Scientists have found pieces of cotton cloth in caves in Mexico that are at least 7.000 years old. Cotton was grown and made into cloth in the Indus River Valley in Pakistan as early as 3,000 years before the birth of Christ. Egyptians were also weaving cotton fabrics around the same time. Cotton arrived in Europe, through Arab merchants, in approximately 800 A.D. Cotton eventually replaced flax and wool as Europe’s leading choice for fabrics. Christopher Columbus found cotton in the Bahama Islands in 1492. Cotton was known all over the world by 1500.

The first use of machinery to spin cotton was in England in 1730. In 1793, Eli Whitney of Massachusetts patented his cotton gin, which was a vital factor in cotton’s popularity and use today. Whitney invented the gin after watching workers manually separate the fiber from the seed. He built the gin in ten days to do the work fifty times faster than separating by hand. The gin created a way to aid the already fast growing textile industry by supplying it with large quantities of cotton fiber. The U.S. cotton crop value increased from $150,000 to over $8 million within ten years.

Cotton’s Importance and Uses

Presently, cotton is the world’s most used fiber. Every part of the cotton plant is useful. The fiber is the most important part of the plant because it is used in making cotton cloth. Cotton is the number one fiber used for apparel in the United States. In 1994, 63 percent of cotton was used for apparel, 29 percent for home furnishings and 8 percent was used for industrial type products and exportation.

Examples of Items Made from Cotton:

  • All types of apparel in 100% cotton and in blends with other fibers
  • Bedding products
  • Draperies and Curtains
  • Upholstery fabrics
  • Rugs
  • Wall coverings
  • Medical, surgical and sanitary supplies
  • Industrial abrasives
  • Book bindings
  • Handbags and luggage
  • Shoes
  • Tobacco cloth
  • Wiping cloths

The short fuzz on the seed, which is also called linters, supply the cellulose needed for making plastics, explosives, high quality paper products, batting for mattresses, and furniture and automobile cushions.

The cotton seed is also manufactured into various products. It is crushed to separate it for use in three different products – oil, meal and the hulls.

Cotton seed oil – shortening, cooking oil, salad dressing and a high-protein concentrate for use in food products

Meal and Hull – livestock, poultry and fish feed, fertilizer

The leaves and stalks of the cotton plant are also used for soil enrichment by plowing them into the soil.

Countries Where Cotton is Grown

Cotton is grown in warm climates and the United States grows the majority of the world’s cotton. The following states are the major cotton producers in the United States:

  • Alabama
  • Arizona
  • Arkansas
  • California
  • Georgia
  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
  • Missouri
  • New Mexico
  • North

Types of Cotton

Low to Medium Grade Cotton: These types of cotton are found in mass produced goods and cotton blend goods.

Better Grades: Higher grades of cotton, which includes longer-staple cotton, are used in fine quality shirtings and bedding fabrics. Egyptian cotton, a high quality cotton, has been produced in the Nile River Valley for many centuries. This type of cotton has long been known for its soft luxurious hand and luster. Other types of high quality cotton include Pima, Supima, American Egyptian and Sea Island cotton.

Organic Cotton:

Organic cotton is grown without the use of commercial pesticides and fertilizers.

Characteristics of Cotton

Aesthetics

Cotton’s aesthetics vary depending on the applied treatments, the fiber blend (if blended) and the grade of the fiber. A typical 100% untreated cotton fabric has a pleasant matte luster, a soft drape and a smooth hand.

Comfort

Cotton fabrics are very comfortable to wear due to their soft hand and other characteristics. Cotton fabrics have excellent absorbing capabilities. Cotton garments absorb perspiration, thus keeping the person more comfortable.

Appearance Retention

Cotton wrinkles very easily. However, there are many cotton garments on the market that have been treated with wrinkle resistant finishes. These finishes reduce the need to iron cotton clothes. Consequently, our fast paced society can look good in cotton garments without investing a lot of time in preparing them.

Care

Always read the care label in the product. Cotton products can typically be machine washed and dried. Colored cotton garments retain their color longer if they are washed in warm or cool water. Cotton fabrics can be bleached but too much bleaching could weaken the fibers. Acids harm cotton fabrics; consequently, juice stains should be treated immediately with cold water. Sunlight does harm cotton by causing it to oxidize and turn yellow. Fabrics that are 100% cotton do shrink if they have not been treated with a durable-press or a shrinkage-resistant finish.

Effects of Weather on Cotton Crops

Obviously, the weather is a big factor in the success of cotton crops. Two prime examples of weather problems in 1999 were the drought and Hurricane Floyd. These two factors decreased the cotton output in the U.S. by more than one million bales.

New Technology

Dry Fibre, Inc. and The REHANCE Group developed TRANSPOR Cotton 2000. TRANSPOR Cotton 2000 was designed to take moisture away from the skin and allow it to evaporate in the air in seconds. The garment dries on the inside near the skin first instead of drying on the outside first.

Wednesday, February 3, 2010

Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles

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Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles (Textile Science and Technology) by S. R. Karmakar
Publisher: Elsevier Science | November 1, 1999 | ISBN: 044450060X | Pages: 510 | PDF | 21.6 MB

Textile chemical processing today, particularly the pre-treatment processes require a highly sophisticated technology and engineering to achieve the well known concepts of “Right first time, Right everytime and Right on time” processing and production. Chemical pre-treatment may be broadly defined as a procedure mainly concerned with the removal of natural as well as added impurities in fabric to a level necessary for good whiteness and absorbency by utilising minimum time, energy and chemicals as well as water. This book discusses the fundamental aspects of chemistry, chemical technology and machineries involved in the various pre-treatment process of textiles before subsequent dyeing, printing and finishing. With the introduction of newer fibres, specialty chemicals, improved technology and sophisticated machineries developed during the last decade, this book fills a gap in this area of technology.
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Textile & Fashion's Articles



Swing, 2nd Edition, by Matthew Robinson


Manning Publications; 2nd edition | February 2003 | English | ISBN: 193011088X | PDF | 908 Pages | 10,6 Mb

Description : Written for the experienced Java developer, Swing provides an in-depth guide to getting the most out of Sun`s Swing/JFC user interface classes. Mixing real-world code examples and expert advice on advanced features, this book shows how to make use of this powerful library effectively within your own projects. The best thing about this text has to be its sample programs, many of which incorporate other Java APIs to do “real” work. For example, a demo of the scroll pane Swing component uses other JFC classes to display JPG images. For working with lists, the authors show how to process .ZIP files in Java. For demonstrating table programming, there`s coverage of JDBC to connect to databases. Other standout code samples include a working FTP client and a fully functional .RTF word processor. (Many of these examples are enhanced in separate steps, showing off new Swing classes and features along the way.) The authors do a particularly good job of annotating code with clear explanations referenced with numbered bullets that point out important lines of code. The other noteworthy feature here is the material on extending basic Swing functionality through custom code. (To use Swing effectively, you definitely need to be able to customize its classes. The authors show you how.) There are examples for enhancing Swing with custom layout managers and numerous samples that extend trees and tables, and even a section on the basics of creating new pluggable look and feel (PLAF) modules for Swing.

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Tuesday, November 3, 2009

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Tuesday, October 27, 2009

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